Ka hor intii aanay Iiraan iman: Yaa maraakiibta ka qaadi jiray canshuurta Marinka Hormuz?

Doodda xakamaynta marinka ayaa soo noqotay, iyadoo taariikhdu muujinayso in maamulada kala duwan ay dakhli ka helaan ganacsiga badda.

Bishii Diseembar 1602, ganacsade dekedda Basrur ee Hindiya ka yimid wuxuu doonayay in uu markab bariis ah u diro Hormuz, laakiin wuxuu u baahday dukumenti Cartaz oo ay bixiso Bortuqiiska. Nidaamkan ayaa qayb ka ahaa xakamayntii gobolka ee badda.

Xakamayntii Bortuqiiska iyo Nidaamka Cartaz

Bortuqiisku waxay isku dayeen in ay maraakiibtooda dagaalka iyo saldhigyada badeed ku xakameeyaan ganacsiga badda; markab aan Cartaz haysan waa la qaadi karay xamuulkiisa. Nagendra Rao iyo P. K. Sudarshan ayaa sheegay in Cartaz shaqayn jiray hal sano, khidmadiina ku xidhan tahay meesha iyo nooca safarka.

Nagendra Rao wuxuu yidhi: 'Bortuqiisku waxay qaadi jireen khidmad Cartaz ah, laakiin dhab ahaantii wuxuu ahaa nooc oggolaansho ah oo ganacsatada siinayay xaqa ay alaabtooda ugu kala gudbin karaan Badweynta Hindiya, isla markaana u dammaanad qaadayay in ay safri karaan iyagoo aan ka baqayn maraakiibta Bortaqiiska ama weerarradooda.' (q1). Sanjay Joshi wuxuu nidaamka u arkayay tusaale xukun badeed oo qasab ah.

Hormuz Ka Hor Qabsashadii Bortuqiiska

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 13-aad, xukuumaddii Hormuz waxay uga guurtay Baal al-Minab jasiiradda Jarun sababo siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale. Willem Floor ayaa qoray in Hormuz noqotay xarun ganacsi oo ugu weyn Gacanka Faaris, iyadoo aanay lahayn kheyraad dabiici ah.

Ibnu Battuta wuxuu Hormuz ku tilmaamay magaalo dad badan qarnigii 14-aad; Cabdirisaaq Samarqandi (1442) wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ganacsato ka yimid Masar, Shiinaha iyo Aden. Hormuz waxay canshuur ka qaadi jirtay dekedaha, waxayna bixin jirtay boqorrada dhulka weyn si ganacsigu u ammaano.

Heshiiskii iyo Awoodda Bortuqiiska

Ka dib dagaal, taliyihii Hormuz wuxuu u oggolaaday Bortuqiiska in ay qalcad dhisaan, wuxuuna balanqaaday 15,000 zaraafiin sanadkii. Afonso de Albuquerque wuxuu jasiiradda ka baxay Feb 1508, wuxuuna ku laabtay March 1515 isagoo xoogga ka dhigay mid adag.

Maamulkii maxalliga ahaa wuu sii jiray, laakiin wuxuu noqday mid u hoggaansan Portugal; Bortuqiisku wuxuu joojiyay lacagtii dhulka weyn, wuxuuna sii hayay nidaamkii canshuuraha. Cartaz wuxuu ahaa oggolaansho markab, laakiin qayb ka ah istiraatiijiyad ballaadhan, aan ahayn canshuur marin (c6, q2).

Long before modern disputes over the Strait of Hormuz, the Portuguese Empire enforced a maritime licensing system called the Cartaz that controlled trade across the Indian Ocean, including the vital Hormuz passage.

The Cartaz System

In December 1602, a merchant from Basrur port in India sought to send a rice-laden ship to Hormuz and needed a Cartaz document from Portuguese officials. The Cartaz recorded ship details, planned route, and conditions to be followed. Ships without a Cartaz could be seized with cargo by Portuguese warships and naval bases.

Nagendra Rao and P. K. Sudarshan of Goa University recorded that Cartaz typically lasted one year and fee was determined by destination and voyage type. Sanjay Joshi of Observer Research Foundation described Portuguese Cartaz as an early example of 'compulsory maritime rule' and said Portuguese Asian maritime empire was built on controlling key straits like Hormuz, Malacca, and Aden.

Hormuz Before the Portuguese

Before Portuguese arrival, Hormuz was a major Indian Ocean trade center; rulers moved from mainland near Baal al-Minab to Jarun island (later Hormuz) in late 13th century due to political/economic instability in southeast Iran. Willem Floor (Encyclopaedia Iranica) stated Hormuz became the greatest import/export trade hub of Persian Gulf due to port importance, merchants, and strong trade routes, not natural resources.

Ibn Battuta (14th c.) described Hormuz as large populous city; Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi (1442) noted traders from Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Iran, China, Zanzibar, Aden; Afanasy Nikitin noted diverse market but heavy customs taxes. Pre-Portuguese Hormuz levied various customs duties and taxes on ports/territories; paid annual tribute to mainland rulers for safe trade.

Portuguese Conquest and Legacy

After conflict, local Hormuz ruler allowed Portuguese to build fortress and agreed to pay 15,000 zaraafiin annual tribute; Portuguese saw this as submission to Portugal's king. Afonso de Albuquerque left island in Feb 1508 due to internal conflict before completing fortress; returned March 1515 with larger force and established firm Portuguese power.

Local Hormuz administration remained; king/minister/local officials kept posts but became subordinate to Portugal; Portuguese stopped annual payments to mainland and kept local customs tax structure. Cartaz usually issued per ship/voyage, allowed safe passage from Portuguese warships; system existed across Indian Ocean from early 16th c. with Hormuz key; contained ship/military data and route; violation allowed seizure.